Class 12
Below is the all chapters typically covered in Class 12 for science stream subjects, including Mathematics and Biology:
Physics:
Electric Charges and Fields:
- Electrostatics, Coulomb’s law, electric field, and potential.
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance:
- Capacitance, electric potential due to a point charge, and a capacitor.
Current Electricity:
- Electric current, Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s laws, and electrical circuits.
Moving Charges and Magnetism:
- Magnetic field, magnetic force, and motion of charged particles in a magnetic field.
Magnetism and Matter:
- Magnetization, magnetic properties of materials, and Earth’s magnetism.
Electromagnetic Induction:
- Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, and electromagnetic induction.
Alternating Current:
- AC circuits, impedance, and power in AC circuits.
Electromagnetic Waves:
- Properties and characteristics of electromagnetic waves.
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments:
- Reflection, refraction, lenses, and mirrors.
Wave Optics:
- Interference, diffraction, and polarization of light.
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter:
- Wave-particle duality, photoelectric effect, and de Broglie wavelength.
Atoms:
- Atomic models, Bohr’s model, and quantum mechanical model.
Nuclei:
- Nuclear structure, radioactivity, and nuclear reactions.
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits:
- Semiconductor materials, diodes, and transistors.
Communication Systems:
- Basics of communication systems.
Chemistry:
Solid State:
- Classification of solids, crystal lattice, and unit cells.
Solutions:
- Types of solutions, concentration terms, and colligative properties.
Electrochemistry:
- Electrochemical cells, Nernst equation, and conductance.
Chemical Kinetics:
- Rate of a reaction, factors affecting rate, and integrated rate equations.
Surface Chemistry:
- Adsorption, catalysis, and colloids.
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements:
- Principles of metallurgy and extraction of metals.
The p-Block Elements:
- Properties, occurrence, and uses of p-block elements.
The d- and f-Block Elements:
- Properties, electronic configuration, and applications.
Coordination Compounds:
- Introduction, ligands, and coordination number.
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes:
- Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, and preparation.
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers:
- Classification, nomenclature, and methods of preparation.
Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids:
- Nomenclature, structure, and methods of preparation.
Amines:
- Classification, nomenclature, and preparation.
Biomolecules:
- Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Polymers:
- Classification, types, and polymerization.
Chemistry in Everyday Life:
- Drugs, cleansing agents, and food additives.
Mathematics:
Relations and Functions:
- Types of relations, functions, and their properties.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
- Properties of inverse trigonometric functions.
Matrices:
- Types of matrices, operations, and determinants.
Determinants:
- Properties and applications of determinants.
Continuity and Differentiability:
- Concepts of continuity and differentiability.
Applications of Derivatives:
- Rate of change, tangents, and normals.
Integrals:
- Definite and indefinite integrals, methods of integration.
Applications of Integrals:
- Area under curves, volume, and surface area.
Differential Equations:
- Basic concepts, order, and degree.
Vector Algebra:
- Scalar and vector products, and their applications.
Three Dimensional Geometry:
- Coordinates, direction cosines, and planes.
Linear Programming:
- Introduction and graphical method.
Probability:
- Probability distribution, mean, and variance.
Biology:
Reproduction in Organisms:
- Modes of reproduction in various organisms.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants:
- Structure and events in flower reproduction.
Human Reproduction:
- Male and female reproductive systems, fertilization, and embryonic development.
Reproductive Health:
- Issues related to reproductive health.
Principles of Inheritance and Variation:
- Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal basis of inheritance, and genetic disorders.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance:
- Structure of DNA, RNA, and gene expression.
Evolution:
- Theories of evolution, evidence, and human evolution.
Human Health and Disease:
- Common diseases, immunity, and health.
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production:
- Animal husbandry, plant breeding, and biotechnological applications.
Microbes in Human Welfare:
- Beneficial and harmful microbes, industrial applications.
Biotechnology – Principles and Processes:
- Genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, and applications.
Biotechnology and its Applications:
- Biotechnological applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Organisms and Populations:
- Population interactions, ecological adaptations, and biodiversity.
Ecosystem:
- Structure, function, and conservation of ecosystems.
Biodiversity and Conservation:
- Importance of biodiversity, threats, and conservation measures.
Environmental Issues:
- Pollution, waste management, and sustainable development.
Please note that the specific topics covered can vary depending on the curriculum or educational board. Consult the official curriculum documents or textbooks for precise and up-to-date information and for more details visit here
Strategy to study Class 12 board exam
Studying effectively in Class 12 is crucial for securing good marks in board exams and preparing for competitive exams. Here’s a comprehensive strategy to help you study more efficiently for Class 12 students :
Understand the Syllabus: Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus to know the topics you need to cover. This will help you plan your study schedule better.
Organize Your Study Space: Create a study-friendly environment at home. Choose a quiet, well-lit place with minimal distractions. Keep all your study materials organized.
Gather Study Materials: Collect all the necessary textbooks, notes, reference books, and other study materials for each subject.
Set Realistic Goals: Set achievable goals for your study sessions. Break down larger topics into smaller, manageable tasks.
Time Management:
- Create a Study Schedule: Allocate specific times for each subject based on the importance and your understanding of the topics.
- Prioritize Tasks: Focus on completing tasks that are due sooner or that you find more challenging.
- Take Breaks: Take short breaks (5-10 minutes) every 25-30 minutes to prevent burnout and maintain focus.
- Consistency is Key: Stick to your study schedule and maintain a consistent routine.
Active Learning Techniques:
- Note-taking: Take concise and organized notes during lectures and while reading textbooks.
- Mind Maps: Use mind maps to visualize complex concepts and their interconnections.
- Flashcards: Create flashcards for key terms, formulas, and definitions.
- Practice Problems: Regularly practice solving problems to reinforce your understanding of concepts.
- Teach Others: Teaching a concept to someone else is an effective way to reinforce your understanding.
Effective Reading Strategies:
- Preview: Skim through the chapter before reading it in detail to get an overview.
- Active Reading: While reading, highlight or underline key points. Summarize each paragraph in your own words.
- Re-read: If a topic is particularly challenging, re-read the relevant section or chapter.
Use Technology to Your Advantage:
- Online Resources: Use online platforms like Khan Academy, Coursera, and educational YouTube channels for additional explanations and tutorials.
- Apps: Download educational apps like Anki, Quizlet, and Duolingo for practice and reinforcement.
Stay Healthy:
- Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet that includes brain-boosting foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated, which is important for cognitive function.
- Exercise: Engage in physical activities like walking, jogging, or yoga to reduce stress and improve focus.
- Sleep: Get enough sleep (7-9 hours per night) to allow your brain to consolidate memory and improve cognitive function.
Seek Help When Needed:
- Teachers: Don’t hesitate to ask your teachers for clarification or help with difficult topics.
- Peers: Form study groups with classmates to discuss topics and solve problems together.
- Tutoring: Consider getting extra help from a tutor if you’re struggling with certain subjects.
Class 12 students Remember, studying effectively is not just about the quantity of study hours but also about the quality of Class 12 students study sessions. Focus on understanding concepts and theory of Class 12 all subjects rather than rote memorization, and try to apply what you’ve learned to real-world examples and problems.
Competitive exams list for Class 12 and Class 12 pass out
here are several competitive exams available for Class 12 students in India, and many of these exams are aimed at determining eligibility for admission to various undergraduate courses or for scholarships. Here is a list of some of the most popular ones along with brief descriptions:
Joint Entrance Examination (JEE-Main): JEE-Main is an entrance exam for engineering undergraduate courses at NITs, IIITs, and other centrally funded technical institutions. It is also the qualifying exam for the JEE-Advanced, which is required for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). this exam is for Class 12 for those who have chosen math’s as subject.
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET): NEET is the entrance examination for admission to undergraduate medical courses (MBBS/BDS) in India. this exam is for Class 12 for those who have chosen Biology as subject.
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Aptitude Test: This is the entrance exam for the 5-year BS-MS Dual Degree program offered by the IISERs for Class 12 students.
Common Law Admission Test (CLAT): CLAT is the entrance exam for admission to undergraduate programs in law at 22 national law universities (NLUs) in India.
National Institute of Design (NID) Design Aptitude Test (DAT): NID-DAT is the entrance exam for admission to undergraduate design programs at the National Institute of Design.
National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) Entrance Exam: This is the entrance exam for admission to undergraduate programs in fashion technology and design at NIFT.
National Talent Search Examination (NTSE): NTSE is a national-level scholarship program that identifies talented students of Class 12 and supports their academic pursuits.
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT): The SAT is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. Many Indian students take the SAT for admission to undergraduate programs abroad.
Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) Admission Test: ISI offers undergraduate programs in statistics and related fields. The ISI admission test is the entrance exam for these programs.
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test (BITSAT): BITSAT is the entrance exam for admission to the undergraduate engineering programs at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) campuses in Pilani, Goa, and Hyderabad.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) All India Entrance Examination: ICAR-AIEEA is the entrance exam for undergraduate agriculture and allied science programs at agricultural universities in India.
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Entrance Exam: NITs conduct their own entrance exams for admission to their undergraduate engineering programs.
all the above exams are important for Class 12 studentsÂ